Nosebleed

The nose is an organ with dense and superficial vascularization. Nosebleed occur when there is bleeding from any part of the mucous membrane lining the inside of the nose. The bleeding can originate from the front of the nose, from the nostrils, or from the nasal passages at the back of the nose. Anterior nosebleed is more common in children and young adults, while posterior nosebleed is more frequent in older individuals and those with arteriosclerosis or hypertension. Serious nosebleed is typically posterior. Nosebleed can be classified based on their causes and location.

Causes of Nosebleed

The causes of nosebleed are varied and include:

• Trauma
• Picking the nose
• Dry environments, such as dry climates or hot, dry rooms
• Forceful blowing
• Upper respiratory tract infections
• Deviated nasal septum
• Cortisone nasal medications
• Hypertension
• Drinking alcohol
• Cocaine
• Tumors in the nose, nasal cavities, or nasal passages
• Blood thinners
• Conditions that affect blood clotting
• Hormonal changes (such as pregnancy)
• Vitamin K deficiency
• Liver diseases

When Should a Person with Nosebleed Consult a Doctor?

A person experiencing nosebleed should seek medical attention if:

• Nosebleed is recurrent
• The nosebleed is intense
• Frequent unilateral nosebleed occur
• Bleeding obstructs breathing
• Blood is present in saliva or vomit
• There is a feeling of malaise
• Blood is found in urine or stool

What to Do to Stop an Anterior Nosebleed?

To stop an anterior nosebleed, the following steps should be taken:

Sit upright, or if lying down is necessary, lie down with the head elevated. Pinch the nostrils firmly with the thumb and index finger for 5 minutes. An ice compress can also be applied during this time. After the bleeding stops, avoid blowing the nose, refrain from heavy lifting or other strenuous activities, and keep the head elevated above the chest. If the bleeding persists, rinse the inside of the nose with cold water and hold the nostrils again for 5 minutes. If the bleeding does not stop after several attempts, consult a doctor immediately.

Treatment of Nosebleed

In cases of anterior nosebleed, the bleeding site is identified using an endoscope. The bleeding area is cauterized (burned). Supportive treatment with nasal creams is then provided. This procedure is effective in resolving recurrent simple nosebleed. The definitive solution for posterior nosebleed is typically to address the underlying cause.